Learning objectives
- Learning
- Understand
- Integrate
- Reflect
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Introduction
The Oxford Community Stroke Project classification of sub-types of cerebral infarction devised by Bamford and colleagues is a useful descriptor for stroke subtypes that is both prognostically and aetiologically useful. Bamford and colleagues used data from the Oxford Community Stroke Project to define four sub-categories of cerebral infarction on the basis of presenting symptoms and signs: lacunar infarcts (LACI); total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI); partial anterior circulation infarcts (PACI); and posterior circulation infarcts (POCI). The classification is based upon bedside clinical features. The labels however are anatomical, and the symptoms and signs help localise the signs and site of cerebral infarction. A patient with a POCI has the best chance of a good recovery, and patients with a LACI the best chance of survival. Although their work was predominantly on infarcts the classification can be used for haemorrhage once the imaging has identified the stroke type.
Anterior vs Posterior Circulation
Simply put the front of the brain is supplied by the right and left Internal carotid arteries. The brain supplied by the internal carotids is called the "anterior circulation". The back of the brain (brainstem/cerebellum and occipital lobes and thalamus) is supplied by the vertebral arteries and this is called the posterior circulation. This is how we get the classification. An anterior circulation stroke therefore implies that it didn't involve the vertebrobasilar system. Posterior circulation strokes imply that there was no involvement of the carotid arteries.
Classification
- Lacunar infarcts (LACI): any of these
- Pure motor stroke
- Pure sensory stroke
- Sensori-motor stroke
- Ataxic hemiparesis
- Must not have higher cortical function loss - dysphasia or neglect
- Total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI): Must have 3 of 3 of
- Higher cerebral dysfunction (e.g. dysphasia)
- Homonymous visual field defect
- Ipsilateral motor and/or sensory deficit of at least two areas (out of face, arm and leg).
- Partial anterior circulation infarcts (PACI): Only 2 of 3 components of a TACI, or with higher cerebral dysfunction alone, or with a motor/sensory deficit more restricted than those classified as LACI (e.g. confined to one limb). Must have 2 of 3 of or dysphasia/neglect alone
- Higher cerebral dysfunction (e.g. dysphasia)
- Homonymous visual field defect
- Ipsilateral motor and/or sensory deficit of at least two areas (out of face, arm and leg).
- Posterior circulation infarcts (POCI): Any of:
- Ipsilateral cranial nerve palsy with contralateral motor and/or sensory deficit
- Bilateral motor and/or sensory deficit
- Disorder of conjugate eye movement
- Cerebellar dysfunction
- Isolated homonymous visual field defect.
Summary table
Stroke Type | Infarct(I) Haemorrhage (H) Stroke (S) | Weakness /sensory loss face, arm and leg | Homonymous Hemianopia | Higher centres | Vertigo, dysphagia, diplopia, cerebellar signs | Notes | Vascular Supply | Frequency | Fatality at 6 months | Dead/Dependent (Rankin 3-6) at 6 months |
Total anterior circulation | TAC/S/H/I | Must have weakness/sensory loss | Must Have hemianopia | Must have Dysphasia or Neglect | No | Needs all 3. | Large cortical stroke in MCA/ACA areas. | 20% | 56% | 96% |
Partial anterior circulation | PAC/S/H/I | May have weakness/sensory loss | May Have hemianopia | Must have Dysphasia or Neglect | No | Needs 2 out of 3. | Smaller cortical stroke in MCA/ACA areas | 35% | 10% | 45% |
Lacunar stroke | LAC/S/H/I | Must have either pure motor/pure sensory/ataxic hemiparesis | No | No | May have if pontine lacunar | | Subcortical/pontine stroke Lenticulostriate or pontine perforators | 25% | 7% | 34% |
Posterior circulation | POC/S/H/I | May have weakness/sensory loss | May Have hemianopia | No dysphasia/Neglect | Yes | Cerebellar or brainstem syndromes, coma, isolated homonymous hemianopia | Vertebral/Basilar or PCA | 25% | 14% | 32% |
When talking about stroke side we are talking about the side of the pathology NOT the side with clinical symptoms and signs. A left TACS therefore has Right hemiparesis(weakness), right hemi-sensory loss, right homonymous hemianopia and dysphasia
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Assessment
The easiest way to use the Bamford classification is to look for the presence or absence of the four main features of stroke described above
- Hemiparesis or Hemisensory loss which are regarded as equal in Face/Arm/Leg
- Higher cortical dysfunction (including language problems)
- Homonymous hemianopia
- Brainstem signs: Vertigo, dysphagia, diplopia, cerebellar signs
The type of stroke is then coded by adding a final letter to the above after the CT scan has shown the cause
- I - for infarct (e.g. TACI)
- H - for haemorrhage (e.g. TACH)
- S - for syndrome; intermediate pathogenesis, prior to imaging (e.g. TACS)
References