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Lipids and Stroke


Learning objectives

  • Learning
  • Understand
  • Integrate
  • Reflect

Introduction
  • Lipid lowering reduces the risk of stroke and heart disease
  • Cholesterol and LDL have a direct correlation with heart disease
  • HDL has an inverse correlation with heart disease
  • serum total cholesterol (TC) levels associated positively with thrombotic and negatively with haemorrhagic strokes.
Types
  • Familial hypercholesterolaemia: Autosomal dominant cause of raised TC. Due to mutations in LDL receptor. Severe forms is homozygous. Corneal arcus, Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis, xanthelasmas,
  • Polygenic hypercholesterolaemia: Increased risk of Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis
Evidence
  • Heart Protection Study (HPS): showed that Simvastatin 40 mg OD in those at high risk of cardiovascular events and showed a relative risk reduction of 17% in vascular death, 27% in major coronary events and 25% in stroke. Long term follow up confirmed persisting benefits.
  • SPARCL trial: showed that Atorvastatin 80 mg daily in patients with TIA or stroke in the preceding 6 months and demonstrated a relative risk reduction of 15% in stroke and 35% in major coronary events with treatment
  • Other studies show that reducing LDL cholesterol by 1 mmol/L reduces the relative risk of major vascular events by 21%, total mortality by 9% and stroke by 15%
  • The decision to initiate treatment should be determined by a person's absolute cardiovascular risk rather than their cholesterol level.
Management as per RCP 2016
  • Weight loss and other risk factors tackled together with advice on lifestyle factors with advice on diet, physical activity, weight, alcohol and smoking.
  • Stains protect both from heart disease and stroke which often coexist and those with ischaemic stroke or TIA should be offered treatment with a statin drug unless contraindicated
  • High intensity statin: Atorvastatin 20-80 mg daily (lower dose in those at high risk of adverse events or drug interactions.)
  • Aim for a greater than 40% reduction in non-HDL cholesterol
  • People with acute stroke or TIA who are already receiving statins should continue their statin treatment.
  • Ezetimibe should be used only in people who also have familial hypercholesterolaemia
  • Those with primary intracerebral haemorrhage should avoid statin treatment unless it is required for other indications.
References and further reading